Surface area (sq. km), per capita by country
Surface area (sq. km) divided by Population, total, matched on country and year. Neither publisher issues this ratio as a series; it is computed here from both.
What the numbers show
Surface area (sq. km), per capita is currently reported for 216 countries. The highest value is 7.22 sq. km per person in Greenland; the lowest is 0 sq. km per person in Macao.
The median across all reporting countries is 0.0106 sq. km per person, and the mean is 0.0651 sq. km per person.
Over the past decade 38 countries rose and 178 fell. The largest increase was in Faroe Islands (up 722.8%), and the largest decrease in Chad (down 30.1%).
Surface area (sq. km), per capita: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Greenland | 7.22 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 1.0% | falling |
| 2 | Mongolia | 0.4437 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 15.9% | falling |
| 3 | Canada | 0.3789 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 14.2% | falling |
| 4 | Australia | 0.2847 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 13.7% | falling |
| 5 | Namibia | 0.272 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 23.7% | falling |
| 6 | Iceland | 0.2665 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 15.3% | falling |
| 7 | Guyana | 0.2587 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 9.2% | falling |
| 8 | Suriname | 0.2582 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 9.3% | falling |
| 9 | Libya | 0.2384 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 12.9% | volatile |
| 10 | Faroe Islands | 0.2372 sq. km per person | 2024 | up 722.8% | volatile |
| 11 | Botswana | 0.2307 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 13.8% | volatile |
| 12 | Mauritania | 0.1994 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 25.6% | volatile |
| 13 | Kazakhstan | 0.1323 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 13.5% | falling |
| 14 | Russia | 0.1192 sq. km per person | 2024 | up 0.6% | falling |
| 15 | Central African Republic | 0.1169 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 13.3% | falling |
| 16 | Norway | 0.1121 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 7.9% | rising |
| 17 | Gabon | 0.1054 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 22.1% | falling |
| 18 | Bolivia | 0.0885 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 12.6% | falling |
| 19 | Bermuda | 0.0664 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 1.7% | volatile |
| 20 | Turkmenistan | 0.0655 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 18.4% | falling |
| 21 | New Caledonia | 0.0635 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 3.9% | falling |
| 22 | Chad | 0.0633 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 30.1% | volatile |
| 23 | Saudi Arabia | 0.0609 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 19.8% | volatile |
| 24 | Argentina | 0.0608 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 5.8% | falling |
| 25 | Finland | 0.0602 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 2.8% | falling |
| 26 | Paraguay | 0.0587 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 12.4% | falling |
| 27 | Oman | 0.0586 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 24.2% | volatile |
| 28 | Belize | 0.0551 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 16.4% | falling |
| 29 | South Sudan | 0.0542 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 5.9% | flat |
| 30 | Congo | 0.054 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 21.4% | volatile |
| 31 | Uruguay | 0.052 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 0.9% | falling |
| 32 | Algeria | 0.0509 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 16.3% | falling |
| 33 | Mali | 0.0507 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 26.3% | falling |
| 34 | New Zealand | 0.0506 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 14.6% | falling |
| 35 | Sweden | 0.05 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 8.2% | falling |
| 36 | Bhutan | 0.0485 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 7.4% | falling |
| 37 | Niger | 0.0469 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 28.9% | volatile |
| 38 | Papua New Guinea | 0.0438 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 19.4% | falling |
| 39 | Brazil | 0.0401 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 5.7% | falling |
| 40 | Chile | 0.0383 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 9.6% | falling |
| 41 | Peru | 0.0376 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 12.0% | falling |
| 42 | Sudan | 0.0372 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 23.0% | volatile |
| 43 | Vanuatu | 0.0372 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 20.6% | falling |
| 44 | Zambia | 0.0353 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 25.4% | volatile |
| 45 | Solomon Islands | 0.0347 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 25.9% | volatile |
| 46 | Latvia | 0.0346 sq. km per person | 2024 | up 6.8% | rising |
| 47 | Bahamas | 0.0346 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 4.7% | falling |
| 48 | Eritrea | 0.0344 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 12.5% | falling |
| 49 | Somalia | 0.0335 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 29.8% | volatile |
| 50 | Estonia | 0.033 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 4.2% | flat |
| 51 | Angola | 0.0329 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 28.3% | volatile |
| 52 | Venezuela | 0.0321 sq. km per person | 2024 | up 6.5% | falling |
| 53 | Laos | 0.0305 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 13.7% | falling |
| 54 | United States | 0.0289 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 6.1% | falling |
| 55 | Kyrgyzstan | 0.0277 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 18.2% | falling |
| 56 | Palau | 0.026 sq. km per person | 2024 | up 0.1% | falling |
| 57 | Zimbabwe | 0.0235 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 14.6% | falling |
| 58 | Mozambique | 0.0231 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 25.5% | falling |
| 59 | Croatia | 0.0228 sq. km per person | 2024 | up 8.7% | rising |
| 60 | Belarus | 0.0227 sq. km per person | 2024 | up 3.5% | falling |
| 61 | Lithuania | 0.0226 sq. km per person | 2024 | up 1.7% | rising |
| 62 | Montenegro | 0.0223 sq. km per person | 2024 | up 0.6% | falling |
| 63 | Colombia | 0.0216 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 12.0% | falling |
| 64 | Democratic Republic of Congo | 0.0215 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 28.2% | volatile |
| 65 | Turks and Caicos Islands | 0.0204 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 24.8% | volatile |
| 66 | Djibouti | 0.0199 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 14.2% | volatile |
| 67 | Liberia | 0.0198 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 18.7% | falling |
| 68 | Fiji | 0.0197 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 0.9% | falling |
| 69 | Nicaragua | 0.0191 sq. km per person | 2023 | down 12.3% | falling |
| 70 | Iran | 0.0191 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 11.0% | falling |
| 71 | South Africa | 0.0191 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 13.1% | falling |
| 72 | Madagascar | 0.0185 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 21.9% | volatile |
| 73 | Georgia | 0.0183 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 2.4% | rising |
| 74 | Bulgaria | 0.0172 sq. km per person | 2024 | up 9.8% | rising |
| 75 | Panama | 0.0167 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 13.8% | falling |
| 76 | Guinea | 0.0167 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 22.2% | falling |
| 77 | Guinea-Bissau | 0.0164 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 20.9% | falling |
| 78 | Cameroon | 0.0163 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 24.3% | falling |
| 79 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 0.0161 sq. km per person | 2023 | up 13.4% | rising |
| 80 | Ukraine | 0.0159 sq. km per person | 2024 | up 21.4% | rising |
| 81 | Afghanistan | 0.0153 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 23.1% | falling |
| 82 | Mexico | 0.015 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 8.8% | falling |
| 83 | Equatorial Guinea | 0.0148 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 26.0% | volatile |
| 84 | Ecuador | 0.0141 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 11.6% | falling |
| 85 | North Macedonia | 0.0141 sq. km per person | 2024 | up 5.1% | falling |
| 86 | Moldova | 0.0141 sq. km per person | 2024 | up 19.0% | falling |
| 87 | Eswatini | 0.014 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 8.5% | falling |
| 88 | Tanzania | 0.0138 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 26.7% | volatile |
| 89 | Serbia | 0.0134 sq. km per person | 2024 | up 8.4% | flat |
| 90 | Tajikistan | 0.0133 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 20.4% | falling |
| 91 | Tunisia | 0.0133 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 8.2% | falling |
| 92 | Samoa | 0.013 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 8.2% | falling |
| 93 | Ireland | 0.013 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 13.7% | falling |
| 94 | Yemen | 0.013 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 25.5% | volatile |
| 95 | Lesotho | 0.013 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 11.0% | falling |
| 96 | Dominican Republic | 0.0128 sq. km per person | 2024 | up 172.3% | falling |
| 97 | Greece | 0.0127 sq. km per person | 2024 | up 4.7% | falling |
| 98 | Romania | 0.0125 sq. km per person | 2024 | up 4.5% | flat |
| 99 | French Polynesia | 0.0125 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 0.5% | falling |
| 100 | Brunei | 0.0125 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 9.9% | volatile |
| 101 | Myanmar | 0.0124 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 7.0% | falling |
| 102 | Uzbekistan | 0.0123 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 16.0% | falling |
| 103 | Albania | 0.0121 sq. km per person | 2024 | up 16.7% | falling |
| 104 | Morocco | 0.0117 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 10.2% | falling |
| 105 | Burkina Faso | 0.0116 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 22.6% | falling |
| 106 | Dominica | 0.0113 sq. km per person | 2024 | up 6.4% | flat |
| 107 | Senegal | 0.0106 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 23.5% | falling |
| 108 | East Timor | 0.0106 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 15.6% | falling |
| 109 | Kenya | 0.0105 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 16.8% | volatile |
| 110 | Honduras | 0.0104 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 16.3% | volatile |
| 111 | Spain | 0.0104 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 4.9% | falling |
| 112 | Northern Mariana Islands | 0.0103 sq. km per person | 2024 | up 17.1% | volatile |
| 113 | Cambodia | 0.0103 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 12.7% | falling |
| 114 | Cote d'Ivoire | 0.0101 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 23.2% | volatile |
| 115 | Cuba | 0.01 sq. km per person | 2024 | up 2.8% | falling |
| 116 | Costa Rica | 0.01 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 7.1% | falling |
| 117 | Armenia | 0.0098 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 0.6% | falling |
| 118 | Hungary | 0.0097 sq. km per person | 2024 | up 2.8% | rising |
| 119 | Slovenia | 0.0096 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 4.0% | falling |
| 120 | Iraq | 0.0094 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 20.6% | volatile |
| 121 | Malaysia | 0.0093 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 13.6% | falling |
| 122 | Turkey | 0.0092 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 9.7% | falling |
| 123 | Austria | 0.0091 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 6.9% | falling |
| 124 | Slovakia | 0.009 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 0.1% | falling |
| 125 | United Arab Emirates | 0.009 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 26.6% | volatile |
| 126 | France | 0.0088 sq. km per person | 2024 | up 6.8% | falling |
| 127 | Portugal | 0.0086 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 2.7% | falling |
| 128 | Egypt | 0.0086 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 16.3% | falling |
| 129 | Poland | 0.0086 sq. km per person | 2024 | up 4.4% | falling |
| 130 | Ethiopia | 0.0086 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 23.4% | volatile |
| 131 | Azerbaijan | 0.0085 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 6.5% | falling |
| 132 | Sierra Leone | 0.0084 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 20.4% | falling |
| 133 | Benin | 0.0079 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 23.7% | volatile |
| 134 | Jordan | 0.0077 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 23.9% | volatile |
| 135 | Cape Verde | 0.0077 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 2.4% | falling |
| 136 | Syria | 0.0075 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 17.8% | volatile |
| 137 | Czechia | 0.0072 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 3.5% | falling |
| 138 | Tonga | 0.0072 sq. km per person | 2024 | up 2.2% | falling |
| 139 | Denmark | 0.0072 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 5.6% | falling |
| 140 | Thailand | 0.0072 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 2.0% | falling |
| 141 | Ghana | 0.0069 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 18.5% | falling |
| 142 | Cyprus | 0.0068 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 11.5% | falling |
| 143 | Isle of Man | 0.0068 sq. km per person | 2024 | up 0.1% | falling |
| 144 | China | 0.0068 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 2.6% | falling |
| 145 | Indonesia | 0.0068 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 8.4% | falling |
| 146 | Togo | 0.0068 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 17.5% | falling |
| 147 | Micronesia (country) | 0.0062 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 4.1% | falling |
| 148 | Kiribati | 0.006 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 14.2% | falling |
| 149 | Guatemala | 0.0059 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 14.8% | falling |
| 150 | Andorra | 0.0057 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 10.4% | volatile |
| 151 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 0.0056 sq. km per person | 2024 | up 0.9% | falling |
| 152 | Malawi | 0.0055 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 23.2% | volatile |
| 153 | Italy | 0.0051 sq. km per person | 2024 | up 2.3% | falling |
| 154 | Nepal | 0.005 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 6.7% | falling |
| 155 | Uganda | 0.0048 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 27.2% | volatile |
| 156 | Marshall Islands | 0.0048 sq. km per person | 2024 | up 33.4% | falling |
| 157 | Antigua and Barbuda | 0.0047 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 5.3% | falling |
| 158 | Switzerland | 0.0046 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 9.1% | falling |
| 159 | North Korea | 0.0045 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 4.0% | falling |
| 160 | Germany | 0.0043 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 3.0% | falling |
| 161 | American Samoa | 0.0043 sq. km per person | 2024 | up 13.8% | falling |
| 162 | Gambia | 0.0041 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 21.6% | volatile |
| 163 | Sao Tome and Principe | 0.0041 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 16.5% | falling |
| 164 | Qatar | 0.0041 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 23.7% | volatile |
| 165 | Nigeria | 0.004 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 20.1% | falling |
| 166 | Liechtenstein | 0.004 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 7.9% | falling |
| 167 | Jamaica | 0.0039 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 1.6% | falling |
| 168 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 0.0039 sq. km per person | 2024 | up 6.6% | falling |
| 169 | Luxembourg | 0.0038 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 17.8% | falling |
| 170 | British Virgin Islands | 0.0038 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 15.9% | falling |
| 171 | Seychelles | 0.0038 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 25.2% | falling |
| 172 | Trinidad and Tobago | 0.0037 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 1.7% | falling |
| 173 | Kuwait | 0.0036 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 25.1% | volatile |
| 174 | Cayman Islands | 0.0035 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 19.2% | volatile |
| 175 | United Kingdom | 0.0035 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 6.7% | falling |
| 176 | Saint Lucia | 0.0034 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 3.7% | falling |
| 177 | United States Virgin Islands | 0.0033 sq. km per person | 2024 | up 2.8% | falling |
| 178 | El Salvador | 0.0033 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 2.8% | falling |
| 179 | Vietnam | 0.0033 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 9.2% | falling |
| 180 | Guam | 0.0032 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 1.2% | falling |
| 181 | Pakistan | 0.0032 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 14.7% | volatile |
| 182 | Japan | 0.003 sq. km per person | 2024 | up 2.7% | falling |
| 183 | Sri Lanka | 0.003 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 5.2% | falling |
| 184 | Grenada | 0.0029 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 1.5% | falling |
| 185 | Curacao | 0.0028 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 0.0% | falling |
| 186 | Puerto Rico | 0.0028 sq. km per person | 2024 | up 11.9% | falling |
| 187 | Tuvalu | 0.0027 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 1.3% | falling |
| 188 | Philippines | 0.0026 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 10.4% | falling |
| 189 | Belgium | 0.0026 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 5.0% | falling |
| 190 | Haiti | 0.0024 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 11.9% | falling |
| 191 | Netherlands | 0.0023 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 6.3% | falling |
| 192 | India | 0.0023 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 9.6% | falling |
| 193 | Israel | 0.0022 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 17.9% | falling |
| 194 | Comoros | 0.0022 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 17.5% | falling |
| 195 | Saint Martin (French Part) | 0.002 sq. km per person | 2024 | up 51.9% | rising |
| 196 | Burundi | 0.002 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 23.1% | falling |
| 197 | South Korea | 0.0019 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 1.8% | falling |
| 198 | Monaco | 0.0019 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 6.5% | volatile |
| 199 | Rwanda | 0.0018 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 20.3% | falling |
| 200 | San Marino | 0.0018 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 2.0% | falling |
| 201 | Lebanon | 0.0018 sq. km per person | 2024 | up 9.3% | falling |
| 202 | Nauru | 0.0018 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 5.6% | falling |
| 203 | Aruba | 0.0017 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 1.1% | falling |
| 204 | Mauritius | 0.0016 sq. km per person | 2024 | up 1.4% | falling |
| 205 | Barbados | 0.0015 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 1.2% | falling |
| 206 | Channel Islands | 0.0012 sq. km per person | 2021 | down 4.2% | falling |
| 207 | Palestine | 0.0011 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 21.0% | falling |
| 208 | Bangladesh | 0.0009 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 9.0% | falling |
| 209 | Sint Maarten (Dutch part) | 0.0008 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 15.4% | volatile |
| 210 | Maldives | 0.0006 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 21.6% | volatile |
| 211 | Malta | 0.0006 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 25.0% | falling |
| 212 | Bahrain | 0.0005 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 14.1% | volatile |
| 213 | Gibraltar | 0.0003 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 16.6% | falling |
| 214 | Hong Kong | 0.0001 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 3.5% | falling |
| 215 | Singapore | 0.0001 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 7.3% | falling |
| 216 | Macao | 0 sq. km per person | 2024 | down 0.5% | falling |
Regions and income groups
Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.
- Caribbean Small States 0.0938 sq. km per person
- Chagai 0.0012 sq. km per person
- North America 0.0676 sq. km per person
- Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries) 0.0521 sq. km per person
- High income 0.0432 sq. km per person
- Small states 0.0385 sq. km per person
- Post-demographic dividend 0.0351 sq. km per person
- Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries) 0.0317 sq. km per person
- OECD members 0.0314 sq. km per person
- Europe & Central Asia 0.0313 sq. km per person
- Latin America & Caribbean 0.0312 sq. km per person
- Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income) 0.0311 sq. km per person
- Arab World 0.0273 sq. km per person
- Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income) 0.0242 sq. km per person
- Pacific island small states 0.0242 sq. km per person
- Other small states 0.0219 sq. km per person
- Heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) 0.0216 sq. km per person
- Low income 0.0206 sq. km per person
- Africa Eastern and Southern 0.0202 sq. km per person
- Late-demographic dividend 0.0197 sq. km per person
- Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income) 0.0193 sq. km per person
- Sub-Saharan Africa 0.0193 sq. km per person
- Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries) 0.0193 sq. km per person
- Pre-demographic dividend 0.0192 sq. km per person
- Africa Western and Central 0.018 sq. km per person
- Least developed countries 0.0179 sq. km per person
- World 0.0174 sq. km per person
- IDA only 0.0168 sq. km per person
- Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan 0.0161 sq. km per person
- Upper middle income 0.0148 sq. km per person
- IBRD only 0.0147 sq. km per person
- IDA & IBRD total 0.0144 sq. km per person
- Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan (IDA & IBRD) 0.0141 sq. km per person
- Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan (excluding high income) 0.014 sq. km per person
- IDA total 0.0136 sq. km per person
- Low & middle income 0.012 sq. km per person
- Central Europe and the Baltics 0.0117 sq. km per person
- Middle income 0.0109 sq. km per person
- East Asia & Pacific 0.0104 sq. km per person
- Early-demographic dividend 0.0098 sq. km per person
How this figure is calculated
Surface area (sq. km) divided by Population, total, matched on country and year. Neither publisher issues this ratio as a series; it is computed here from both.
Surface area (sq. km) ÷ Population, total
Computed from
- Surface area FAO electronic files and web site, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), publisher: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
- Population, total World Population Prospects, United Nations (UN)
Statizoid computes this series; the underlying measurements belong to the publishers named above. The arithmetic is applied to every country and year where both inputs report, and nothing is estimated unless the page says so.
About this data
Surface area (sq. km) divided by Population, total, matched on country and year. Neither publisher issues this ratio as a series; it is computed here from both.